Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Study design

Mixed methods

4

Qualitative

22

Quantitative

54

Cross-sectional or longitudinal

Cross-sectional

76

Longitudinal

3

Unclear

1

Recall or real-time

Recall

72

Real-time

1

Recall and real-time

7

Setting

Hospital only

22

Primary care only

28

Hospital and primary care

15

Any setting or unspecified

15

Country

Australia

6

Brazil

1

Canada

9

Denmark

1

France

1

Ghana

1

Germany

2

Iran

4

Ireland

2

Italy

1

Jordan

1

Mongolia

1

New Zealand

1

Norway

2

Philippines

1

South Korea

1

Spain

1

Sweden

4

Taiwan

1

Tanzania

1

Turkey

2

UK

11

USA

25

Healthcare professional groups included across the studies (greater than 80 as some studies included more than one group)

Dentists

8

Doctors

42

Radiologists

1

Nurses

31

Hygienists

1

Midwives

1

Pharmacists

1

Phlebotomists

1

Podiatrists

1

Psychiatrists

1

Rehabilitation and physical therapists

2

Speech and language pathologists

1

Vets

1

Knowledge sources included

Explicit (codified) only

56

Explicit and tacit or experiential

24

MMAT quality score (maximum ****, minimum *)

****

6

***

20

**

37

*

17