Table 1 Summary of programs and implementation strategies

Quit Using Drugs Intervention Trial (QUIT)

Screening, brief intervention and referral for treatment (SBIRT)/Gelberg [57]

Prevent escalation of drug use to abuse/dependence for adults/drug use.

The program has demonstrated effectiveness for reducing alcohol abuse and it is currently being tested on substance abuse [57]

Adulthood

Research: type 1 hybrid^a

Practice: exploration phase^b

Physician and health educator

Primary care clinics

Communities that Care: programs vary depending on community selection/Hawkins, Catalano [33]

Prevent youth externalizing behaviors and promote healthy development/violence, alcohol, drug, tobacco use

Childhood

Research: randomized implementation trial^a

Practice: distributed widely through SAMHSA, sustainment^b

Community coalition leaders

Rural, small towns and cities, and portions of metropolitan areas, including Latin America

Familias Unidas/Pantin, Prado [58]

Use parent training to increase parent-child communication/drug use, sex risk, depressive symptoms.

Program reduced monthly substance use in Hispanics by 30 % and achieved higher frequency of condom use among adolescents sexually active 30 months after the intervention [26].

Middle school

Research: pilot type 3 hybrid^a

Practice: exploration phase^b

Caregivers, supported by trained facilitator

Small parent groups and home visits with family

Family check-up/Dishion, Stormshak [59]

Family management practices designed to reduce problem behaviors, enhance parenting skills, reduce family conflict, and reduce substance use.

The program has demonstrated significant impact in preventing drug use [59–62] and depressive symptoms [63].

Elementary, middle, and high school

Research: randomized implementation trial^a

Practice: active implementation^b

Caregivers, supported by trained counselors

School settings and mental health community agencies

Good Behavior Game (GBG)/Poduska, Kellam [28]

Use group-based contingencies to reduce child aggressive disruptive behavior/drug and alcohol abuse or dependence disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, suicide ideation and attempts, criminal arrests, sex risk behavior.

Results across 3 randomized control trials indicated a 50 % reduction in drug abuse/dependence disorders among males through age 21 [10, 64–69], a significant reduction in alcohol abuse/dependence disorders for males and females [10], and also demonstrated a reduction in unprotected and risky sexual behavior through young adulthood among the highest risk group [11].

First and second grade

Research: randomized implementation trial^a

Practice: wide scale implementation through SAMHSA (http://www.samhsa.gov/grants/2010/sm-10-017.aspx); active implementation^b

School teachers

First- and second-grade classrooms

Keeping Foster and Kin Parents Trained and Supported (KEEP)/Chamberlain [70]

Program promotes child well-being and prevents foster placement breakdowns through support and skill enhancement of foster and kinship parents.

The program has demonstrated positive outcomes for treatment and prevention of child and adolescent behavior problems in multiple randomized control trials [70–72] and significant reductions in marijuana, tobacco, and other drugs at 18 months [73] as well as sexual behavior [74, 75].

Middle school

Research: randomized implementation trial^a

Practice: full scale implementation in New York city through child welfare system; active implementation^b

Foster/kin parents supported by trained health workers

Foster/kin parents groups

Life Skills Training (LST)/Botvin, Griffin [76]

Prevention of substance abuse (alcohol, tobacco, drug use) and violence.

Program resulted in significant, long-lasting reduction in drug use [77, 78] and HIV risk behaviors [79].

Elementary, middle, and high school

Research: randomized implementation trial^a

Practice: implementation in schools through the National Health Promotion Associates (http://www.lifeskillstraining.com/index.php); sustainment^b

Trained school personnel

School classrooms

Nurse-Family Partnership/Olds [29]

Increase pre-natal and early stage parenting skills.

The program resulted in significant reductions in youth alcohol use, fewer sexual partners, and fewer problems with alcohol or drugs in a 15-year follow-up [80].

First 2 years of life

Research: natural experiment, type 1 hybrid design^a

Practice: implementation in communities through the NFP National Service Office; sustainment^b

Trained nurses

Home visits

Sisters Informing Sisters about Topics on AIDS (SiSTA)/Wingood, DiClemente [81]

Demonstrated high increases in condom use and when combined with a biological intervention of HPV vaccination, demonstrated significant reductions in incident high-risk HPV infection [82]

Young adulthood and adulthood

Research: type 1 hybrid design^a

Practice: wide scale implementation through CDC’s Dissemination of Evidence-Based Intervention (DEBI) program (http://www.effectiveinterventions.org/en/HighImpactPrevention/Interventions/SISTA.aspx); active implementation^b

Peer/near peer facilitator and health educators

Community-based setting

Strong African American Families Program (SAAF)/Murry, Brody [32, 83]

Improve parent-child relationships.

Significant preventive effects in initiation of alcohol use and sex risk behaviors [84] through improved parent-child relationships [85, 86].

Middle school, high school

Research: type 2 hybrid design^a

Practice: exploration phase^b

Caregivers supported by trained facilitators

Community-based settings, community churches