Characterizing patient-oriented tools that could be packaged with guidelines to promote self-management and guideline adoption: a meta-review

Table 2 Summary of self-management characteristics and outcomes reported in included studies

Self-management domain	Intervention outcomes by delivery format (number of studies)^a									Sub-total
	Education n=38			Self-directed n=16			Multifaceted n=21
	+	±	−	+	±	−	+	±	−
Inform	1	1	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	5
Activate	2	1	1	5	1	1	1	0	0	12
Collaborate	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Inform and activate	14	8	2	1	0	0	9	2	0	36
Activate and collaborate	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2
Inform, activate and collaborate	6	1	1	2	2	0	4	5	0	21
Sub-total	24	11	4	10	5	1	15	7	0	75

+ all reported results are positive (improved outcomes), − all reported results are negative (no change or worsening outcomes), ± mixed results (a blend of improved, no change, or worsening outcomes)
^aThe total is 75 because two studies did not provide sufficient detail to categorize the type of self-management support offered; one used education and achieved a positive result; one used education, self-directed guides, and counseling and achieved a positive result [62, 85]

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