Intervention trial author, year, and trial design | Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) | Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) | Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) | Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Other potential sources of bias |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bakker -(2003) [66] -Cluster RCT, cross-sectional design (post-test only). | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Uncleara | Lowa | Unclear | High |
Chan -(2013) [67] -Quasi-experimental design | High | High | High | Low | High | Low | High |
Kaner -(2003) [68] -Cluster RCT | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Unclear | High |
Katz -(2004) [69] -RCT | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear | High |
Lennox -(1998) [72] -RCT | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | High |
Moher -(2001) [70] -Cluster RCT | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Unclear | High |
Secker-Walker, -(2000) [71] -Non-RCT | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | High |