Acute stress symptoms
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Psychological
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Adults
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CBT-T recommended. No recommendation for EMDR, “stand-alone” problem-solving counseling, or psychoeducation. Stress management may be used if CBT not available along with PFA.
|
Children
|
No specific recommendationa. PFA may be considered.
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Pharmacological
|
Adults
|
Benzodiazepines and antidepressants should not be offered.
|
Children
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Benzodiazepines and antidepressants should not be offered.
|
Secondary acute insomnia
|
Psychological
|
Adults
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Relaxation technique and sleep hygiene advice should be provided through existing cultural practices recommended.
|
Children
|
No specific recommendationa. Relaxation techniques and sleep hygiene advice may be safe and effective in adolescents.
|
Pharmacological
|
Adults
|
Benzodiazepines should not be offered apart from exceptional cases in which short-term use (3–7) days may be considered.
|
Children
|
Benzodiazepines and antidepressants should not be offered.
|
Secondary nonorganic enuresis
|
Psychological
|
Children
|
Psychoeducation and skills training for parents recommended.
|
Dissociative disorders
|
Psychological
|
Adults
|
No specific recommendationa. PFA and the use of culturally appropriate interventions that are not harmful may be considered.
|
Children
|
Hyperventilation
|
Psychological
|
Adults
|
No specific recommendation for rebreathing into a paper baga.
|
Children
|
Rebreathing into paper bag should not be considered.
|
PTSD
|
Psychological
|
Adults
|
Group or individual CBT-T, EMDR, and stress management are recommended.
|
Children
|
Group or individual CBT-T and EMDR are recommended. Stress management may be beneficial.
|
Pharmacological
|
Adults
|
SSRIs and TCAs should not be offered as first-line treatment but may be considered if psychological interventions are not available or if there is co-occurring depression.
|
Children
|
Antidepressants should not be used.
|
Bereavement
|
Psychological
|
Adults
|
Structured psychological interventions should not be universally offered. General principles of care (providing and mobilizing social support, encouraging culturally appropriate mourning) should be used.
|
Children
|
Pharmacological
|
Adults
|
Benzodiazepines should not be offered for individuals who do not meet criteria for a mental disorder.
|
Children
|