First author, year | Country | Sample size | Time frame | Clinical area (guidelines) | Methodology for collecting outcome data | Key findings for main outcome (++, +, minimal effect, variable results, no evidence of effect) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Curtain, C. et al, 2011 [54] | Australia | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 185), Intervention (n = 73), Control (n = 112) | 12 weeks | Proton pump inhibitors (National Prescribing Service proton pump inhibitor dosage recommendation) | Clinical intervention software data, Prescription data, Patient survey, Economic data | ++ |
De Almeida Neto, A.C. et al, 2000 [55] | Australia | Pharmacists, Total (n = 43) from community pharmacies, Total (n = 30), Intervention, (n = 15 pharmacies), Control (n = 15 pharmacies) | Three-week baseline data collection followed by a 6-week intervention period, immediately after the workshop | Non-prescription drugs—analgesics | Simulated patient methodology, Pharmacist survey | + |
(Protocol for non-prescription medicines with a focus on identifying inappropriate “off-label” use of compound analgesics) | ||||||
De Almeida Neto, A.C. et al, 2001 Study 1 [56] | Australia | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 24), Intervention group (n = 16), Control group (n = 8) | Three 4-week periods: before and immediately | Non-prescription drugs—analgesics | Simulated patient methodology | ++ |
after a 3-h training workshop, and after a further interval of 14 weeks | (Protocol for non-prescription medicines with a focus on identifying inappropriate “off-label” use of compound analgesics) | |||||
De Almeida Neto, A.C. et al, 2001 Study 3 [64] | Australia | Not stated | Three 2-week periods (baseline, post workshop1 and post workshop2) | Non-prescription drugs—cough and cold medicines | Simulated patient methodology | ++ |
(Protocol for non-prescription cough and cold medicines) | ||||||
De Almeida Neto, A.C. et al, 2001 Study 5 [68] | Australia | Pharmacists and pharmacy assistants from community pharmacies, total (n = 99) | 12 weeks of pseudo-patron and feedback visits, post a training visit | Non-prescription drugs—heartburn and indigestion treatments (protocol for heartburn management) | Simulated patient methodology | ++ |
De Almeida Neto, A.C. et al, 2001 Study 5A [69] | Australia | Not stated | Not mentioned in paper | Non-prescription drugs—analgesics | ||
(Protocols specific for analgesics) | ||||||
Egen, V. et al, 2003 [70] | Germany | Gynaecologists, total (n = 311), interviewed baseline (n = 24), post-intervention (n = 27), pharmacists, total (n = 418), baseline (n = 21), post (n = 21), women in childbed: baseline (n = 131), post (n = 118) | 16 months intervention with interviews pre and post | folic acid (The Societies of Nutrition, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Human Genetics, Paediatrics, and Neuropaediatrics jointly issued corresponding recommendations) | Simulated patient methodology, Patient interview, Gynaecologist telephone interview | No evidence of effect |
Guirguis, L.M. et al, 2007 [71] | Canada | Practicing pharmacists, Total (n = 8) tested the diabetes tool | Participants were introduced to the tools, and their experience was evaluated after 2 weeks. One year later a survey was faxed to investigate any sustained use/change in practice | Diabetes | Pharmacist self-report forms. Pharmacist survey, Focus group discussion | + |
(Canadian Diabetic Guidelines) | ||||||
Koster, E.S, et al, 2014 [72] | The Netherlands | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 78), Pharmacists, (n = 95) and technicians (n = 337) were interviewed, dispensing data—only available for (n = 52) pharmacies | Dispensing data was collected for the period between 1 Jan. 2008 to 10 May. 2011. | Methotrexate (Safe Methotrexate Dispensing Recommendations published by the Royal Dutch Pharmaceutical Society in accordance with the Dutch Health Care Inspectorate) | Pharmacist-structured interviews, Electronic dispensing records | + |
Kradjan, W.A. et al, 1999 [57] | USA | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 90) | Intervention period 4th | Asthma | Patient survey | No evidence of effect |
Intervention, (n = 44) | March 1996 to 30th June 1996 | (Current asthma treatment guidelines) | ||||
Control, (n = 46) | ||||||
Legrand, S.A. et al, 2012 [67] | Belgium | Pharmacists, Total (n = 100) | Intervention pharmacies completed a baseline questionnaire, and after a 6-month intervention period participants (including controls) were asked to complete a post-questionnaire | Medicines and driving | Pharmacist survey | + |
(IS) intervention group (n = 68), (SA) intervention group (n = 12), Control group (n = 20) | (DRUID (driving under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicines project) dispensing guidelines) | |||||
Martin, B.A. et al, 2010 [73] | USA | Pharmacists, Total (n = 25) | The study was conducted during 2002–2003 | Smoking cessation | Pharmacist survey | + |
(National tobacco cessation guidelines (Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Clinical Practice Guideline), which incorporates the 5A’s counselling process) | Pharmacist telephone interview | |||||
Invoices submitted—(remuneration claims) | ||||||
Naunton, M. et al, 2004 [65] | Australia | GPs, total (n = 200)—74 % visited | Baseline data collection | Osteoporosis | Pharmacist survey | + |
Community pharmacies, total (n = 69)—100 % visited pharmacists, total (n = 81) to complete surveys | (Mar–Sept 2001) Intervention mail out (Oct 2001) Detailing visits (Jan–May 2002), post intervention data collection (Mar–Sept 2002) | (Locally produced guidelines adapted from American College of Rheumatology, UK Consensus Group and Osteoporosis Australia guidelines on the management of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis) | GP survey | |||
Hospital admission data | ||||||
Prescription data—(remuneration claims) | ||||||
Patwardhan, P.D. et al, 2012 [58] | USA | Intervention group: | The research was carried out from July 2008 until March 2009 with a 1-month study period in November 2008 | Smoking cessation | Pharmacist self-report forms | + |
Community pharmacies (n = 8), Pharmacists (n = 16), Technicians (n = 24) | (Treating tobacco use and dependence: Clinical practice guideline (2008 update) | Quit-line referral reports (from an external agency) | ||||
Control group | The specific recommendation to use AAR in situations in which the 5A’s approach may not be feasible) | |||||
Community pharmacies (n = 8), | ||||||
Pharmacists (n = 16), Technicians (n = 24), | ||||||
Puumalainen, I. et al, 2005 [74] | Finland | Pharmacists, Total (n = 734) | TIPPA implementation, 4 years (2000–2003). | Guideline-based counselling | Pharmacist survey | Minimal effect |
Data collection for this research, 1 month—June 2002 | (The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Medication Counselling Behaviour Guidelines disseminated through a 4-year project (TIPPA)) | |||||
Raisch, D.W. 1998 [59] | USA (New Mexico) | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 301) | Ketorolac claims records were reviewed for 3 months before intervention (Aug–Oct 1995) and for 3 months after intervention (Dec–Feb 1996) | Ketorolac | Dispensing data | + |
Intervention (n = 150), Control (n = 151) | (Manufacturers prescribing guidelines for ketorolac) | Economic data | ||||
Data obtained from: | ||||||
Community pharmacies (n = 167), Intervention (n = 90) | ||||||
Control (n = 77) | ||||||
Reeve, J.F. et al 2008 [60] | Australia | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 52), Pharmacists, Total (n = 150) recruited to attend training | 6-week study period where the computer-generated prompt was active plus another 2-week period where interventions were recorded but the prompt was deactivated | Diabetes | Clinical intervention software data, Prescription data, Pharmacist survey | ++ |
Intervention (n = 31) pharmacies | (American Diabetes Association- Clinical practice recommendations. Aspirin therapy in diabetes. Recommendation for the addition of low-dose aspirin therapy to medication regimen of high-risk patients with diabetes) | |||||
Control (n = 21) pharmacies | ||||||
Sigrist, T. et al, 2002 [66] | Switzerland | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 27) | 2 months | Non-prescription drugs | Simulated patient methodology | Variable results |
Intervention (n = 14) | (Personalised advice protocol based on change and health belief models and used in assessment of appropriate use of non-prescription medications) | |||||
Control (n = 13), | ||||||
intervention participants to attend workshops, | ||||||
Pharmacists (n = 20), | ||||||
Pharmacy assistants (n = 65), | ||||||
Thorley, T. et al, 2006 [75] | UK | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 1222) | March 2003 (initial implementation communication), mystery shopping data collected over 4 months (May–Aug 2003) | Asthma | Simulated patient methodology | + |
(Evidence-based questions (×3) from Royal College of Physicians (RCP) to determine patient asthma control and to direct response based on answers) | ||||||
Van de Steeg-van Gompel, C. et al 2011 [61] | The Netherlands | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 71) grouped into 36 clusters | Sept 2006–Feb 2008 | Statins drugs | Prescription data | No evidence of effect |
Intervention (n = 37) (18 clusters), Control (n = 34) (18 clusters) | (Protocol for Education at First Dispensing of a Statin (EAFD) and Protocol for Education at Second Dispensing of a Statin (EASD)) | Pharmacist self-report forms | ||||
Pharmacist telephone interview, | ||||||
Watson, M.C. et al, 2002 [62] | UK | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 60) | Mar–Apr 2000 baseline data July–Nov 2000 post intervention data collection | Non-prescription | Simulated patient methodology, Pharmacist survey, Economic data | No evidence of effect |
EO intervention (n = 15), CPE intervention (n = 15), EO and CPE intervention (n = 15), Control (n = 15) | Drugs—vulvovaginal candidiasis | |||||
(Evidence-based guidelines for OTC treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis) | ||||||
Watson, M.C. et al, 2007 [63] | UK | Community pharmacies, Total (n = 20) | The intervention comprised two training sessions 1 month apart (Sept and Oct 2005) | Good pharmacy practice | Simulated patient methodology | No evidence of effect |
Medication care assistants (n = 30) | (Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) guidelines and WWHAM guideline. Professional and good practice guidelines for the supply of non-prescription medicines) | Pharmacist survey | ||||
Intervention (n = 20 MCAs), Control (n = 10 MCAs) |