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Table 1 Coding of domains targeted in the intervention and control groups

From: Understanding effects in reviews of implementation interventions using the Theoretical Domains Framework

Study

Intervention group: domains targeted

Control group: domains targeted

Gardner 2005

Patient

None identified

 • Knowledge (knowledge from 15-min educational visit)

 • Beliefs about consequences (T: effectiveness of therapies)

 • Environmental context and resources (material resource of questions)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from telephone call at 6 weeks)

 • Beliefs about consequences (call may have targeted beliefs about consequences of seeking follow-up with PCP)

PCP

 • Goals (questions are goals and action plans)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (questions focus attention)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from patient attending to discuss management of osteoporosis)

Feldstein 2006

Intervention 1

None identified

PCP

 • Knowledge (knowledge from guidelines)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from EMR)

 • Social influences (message from chairman acts as social influence)

 • Environmental context and resources (permanent record is a resource)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from second message)

Intervention 2

PCP

 • Knowledge (knowledge from guidelines)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from EMR)

 • Social influences (message from chairman acts as social influence)

 • Environmental context and resources (permanent record is a resource)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from second message)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (copy of patient letter sent to PCP focuses attention as PCP aware patient may visit for discussion)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from patient attending to discuss management options)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (decision processes: patient attending to discuss management options)

Patient

 • Knowledge (knowledge from educational materials)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from letter to patient to discuss management options with PCP)

 • Social influences (person sending letter to patient may act as a social influence if this is chairman as for PCPs)

Davis 2007

Patient

Patient

 • Knowledge (knowledge from osteoporosis information)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (call at 3 months may inadvertently focus patient’s attention rather than simply act as an outcome measurement exercise)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (S: attention from letter encouraging patient to return to PCP)

 • Environmental context and resources (S: material resource of letter to take to PCP)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from telephone call at 3 months)

 

PCP

 

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (S: attention from letter)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (S: attention from patient attending for further investigation)

 • Social influences (S: social influence of orthopaedic surgeon)

Majumdar 2007

Patient

Patient

 • Knowledge (knowledge from educational materials from Osteoporosis Canada)

 • Knowledge (knowledge from educational materials from Osteoporosis Canada)

 • Knowledge (knowledge from one-on-one counselling from case manager)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention: patient asked to discuss materials with PCP)

 • Beliefs about consequences (beliefs about consequences of testing and treatment)

 • Social influences (social influence of study personnel asking patient to discuss materials with the PCP)

 • Social influences (case manager as social influence for patient to agree to BMD scan and prescription)

PCP

PCP

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from patient attending to discuss the materials)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from patient attending to discuss the materials)

 • Environmental context and resources (S: BMD scan is a resource)

 • Environmental context and resources (T: prescription for bisphosphonates by study physician and dispensed by pharmacy is a resource)

Solomon 2007

Pharmacists

None identified

 • Knowledge (knowledge of condition)

 • Knowledge (procedural knowledge of academic detailing)

 • Skills (skills—practicing physician encounters)

 • Beliefs about capabilities (beliefs about capabilities targeted using mock scripts)

 • Goals (reviewed goals of the intervention)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (memory/attention—follow-up teleconferences)

 • Environmental context and resources (provision of logistical support is a resource)

PCP

 • Knowledge (educational visit—knowledge of condition)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (decision processes: algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis)

 • Environmental context and resources (double sided laminated card is a resource)

 • Environmental context and resources (tear sheet is a resource)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from tear sheet)

 • Environmental context and resources (patient list is a resource)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (patient list used during discussion to give examples of patients that should be considered for scan/treatment)

 • Social influences (pharmacists as social influence)

 • Environmental context and resources (S: BMD scan offered via automated call is a resource)

Patient

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (S: automated call encouraged members to schedule a BMD scan)

 • Knowledge (S: from phone call about osteoporosis and risk information)

 • Beliefs about consequences (S: of condition and testing)

 • Beliefs about capabilities (S: “only takes 5 min”)

 • Emotion (S: “painless”, “no need to take off clothes”)

 • Environmental context and resources (S: resource for scheduling BMD scan)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (S: second call offering patient opportunity to schedule BMD scan)

Cranney 2008

PCP

None identified

 • Knowledge (from two-page educational tool)

 • Beliefs about consequences (of osteoporosis and benefits/risks of treatment)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from letter at 2 weeks post-fracture)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from letter at 2 months post-fracture)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (treatment algorithm aids decision processes)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from patient attending to discuss osteoporosis)

 • Social influences (endorsement from Osteoporosis Canada acts as social influence)

Patient

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from reminder letter at 2 weeks)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from reminder letter at 2 months)

 • Beliefs about consequences (future fracture risk)

 • Knowledge (from checklist of risks for fractures and 5-year absolute fracture risk)

 • Knowledge (from educational booklet about osteoporosis treatment options)

Majumdar 2008

Patient

Patient

 • Knowledge (of condition from Osteoporosis Canada pamphlet)

 • Knowledge (of condition from Osteoporosis Canada pamphlet)

 • Social influences (of Osteoporosis Canada)

 • Social influences (of Osteoporosis Canada)

 • Beliefs about consequences (pamphlet highlighting fractures as harbinger of future events)

 • Beliefs about consequences (fractures as harbinger of future events)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention: pamphlet emphasising importance of follow-up)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from pamphlet emphasising importance of follow-up)

 • Environmental context and resources (contact information is a resource)

 • Environmental context and resources (contact information is a resource)

 • Knowledge (from printed materials with 3 key messages)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from second copy of pamphlet)

 • Knowledge (telephone call reiterated 3 key messages)

PCP

 • Beliefs about consequences (3 key messages addressed beliefs about consequences of investigation/treatment)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from patient attending to discuss pamphlet)

 • Social influences (of nurse during phone call)

 • Beliefs about consequences (nurse allayed concerns)

 • Emotions (nurse allayed concerns)

 • Environmental context and resources (nurse as a resource—answered any questions)

PCP

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from patient attending to discuss management)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from patient-specific reminder)

 • Beliefs about consequences (3 key messages addressed beliefs about consequences of investigation/treatment)

 • Knowledge (from guidelines)

 • Social influence (of local opinion leaders)

 • Environmental context and resources (material resource of printed page with reminder and treatment guidelines forming part of patient’s record)

Miki 2008

Patient

Patient

 • Knowledge (from 15-min education)

 • Knowledge (from 15-min education)

 • Knowledge (education reiterated at follow-up clinic)

PCP

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (T: telephone call/clinic visit to assess adherence may target memory to take medication)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from patient attending for osteoporosis evaluation)

 • Social influences (T: social influence of orthopaedic surgeon to adhere with treatment)

PCP

 • Environmental context and resources (S: evaluation for osteoporosis in hospital including BMD scan is a resource)

 • Environmental context and resources (T: follow-up in specialised orthopaedic osteoporosis clinic with commencement of treatment as appropriate is a resource)

 • Environmental context and resources (T: telephone call/clinic visit to monitor adherence and assess for complications is a resource)

Rozental 2008

PCP

PCP

 • Environmental context and resources (S: BMD scan ordered by surgeon is a resource)

 • Knowledge (from guidelines)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention from patient following up with PCP)

 • Social influences (of orthopaedic surgeon’s letter)

Patient

 • Social influences (of NOF guidelines)

 • Knowledge (of results of scan)

 • Memory, attention and decision processes (attention: patient encouraged to follow up with PCP)

 • Social influences (of encouragement from orthopaedic surgeon to discuss with PCP)

  1. Notes: PCP = primary care physician. A “T” in front of the code indicates that the code is related solely to osteoporosis treatment with anti-resorptive therapy, and an “S” solely to BMD scanning. The coding specified who the primary recipient of the intervention was, i.e. patient, PCP or pharmacist