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Individuals who learn
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Individuals can process information and react to changes [23].
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Focus on individuals in the system
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Interconnections between agents
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Individuals in the system are interconnected. Outcomes are the result of interactions across individuals rather than individual skill sets or behaviors [22].
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Focus on how they relate, learn, and make sense
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Self-organization
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Order emerges from the interactions between individuals. These interactions cannot be completely understood or imposed from outside of the system [16].
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Focus on patterns of relationships over time
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Non-linearity and emergence
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Complex behaviors emerge from simple rules. Inputs and outputs are not proportional or predictable [16]. System performance is not predictable over time [14],[15].
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Focus on how individuals make sense of unexpected events and changes over time and learn from these experiences
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Co-evolution and feedback loops
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Individuals and microsystems are nested within other systems, which evolve and feed back over time [15],[21].
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