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Table 1 Author, country of origin, topic and research focus of papers included in the review

From: A qualitative systematic review of studies using the normalization process theory to research implementation processes

Author

Country of origin

Topic

Research focus

Mair et al.[28]

UK

E-health

A systematic review of reviews of e-health implementation studies, focusing on implementation processes rather than outcomes.

Blakeman et al.[34]

UK

Chronic kidney disease in primary care

Qualitative interview study in general practices participating in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) collaborative, that aims to explore processes underpinning the implementation of CKD management in primary care.

Franx et al.[35]

The Netherlands

Primary care: stepped-care treatment

An intervention study using a controlled before and after design. Part of the study was a process evaluation utilizing semi-structured group interviews to provide insight into the perceptions of the participating clinicians of the implementation of stepped cared for depression into their daily routines.

Ehrlich et al.[36]

Australia

Registered nurses in general practice

A qualitative focus group study designed to develop understanding about how a registered nurse-provided care coordination model can ‘fit’ within organizational processes and professional relationships in general practice.

Finch et al.[15]

UK

E-health

This paper describes the process and outcome of a project to develop a theory-based instrument for measuring implementation processes relating to e-health interventions, and identifies key issues and methodological challenges for advancing work in this field. A 30-item instrument (Technology Adoption Readiness Scale (TARS)) for measuring normalization processes in the context of e-health service interventions was developed and pre-tested in two professional samples.

Gallacher et al.[19]

UK

Chronic heart failure

A secondary analysis of qualitative interview data to assess the burden associated with treatment among patients living with chronic heart failure.

Watson et al.[37]

UK

Transitional care for young people

Scoping review of the evidence to identify successful models of transitional care for young people with complex healthcare needs. Three conditions were used as exemplars: cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, and diabetes.

Forster et al.[5]

Australia

Maternity care

Authors use two case studies where new models of maternity care were implemented and evaluated via randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to discuss how (or whether) the use of theory might inform implementation and sustainability strategies.

Atkins et al.[38]

South Africa

TB treatment

A qualitative interview and focus group study documenting providers’ experiences of the implementation of a new tuberculosis treatment programme.

Godden and King [29]

UK

Telehealth in respiratory medicine

To determine the potential for applying telehealth in a region of the UK by exploring the distribution of patients and examining attitudes to implementation of telehealth.

James [39]

UK

Speech and language therapy

A review and data synthesis of qualitative research data on a speech and language intervention.

MacFarlane and O’Reilly-de Brún [40]

Ireland

Language interpretation services

A reflexive account of the authors’ experience of using a theory-driven conceptual framework, in a qualitative evaluation of general practitioners’ uptake of a free pilot language interpreting service. Authors conducted an inductive thematic analysis using the constant comparative method.

Murray et al.[18]

UK

E-health initiatives

A qualitative semi-structured interview study, using a case study methodology. Three case studies were selected to provide a range of healthcare contexts to assess factors that promote or inhibit the successful implementation, embedding, and integration of e-health initiatives.

Sanders et al.[41]

UK

Back pain

A qualitative interview study of the perceptions of general practitioners towards the use of a new system for treating back pain.

May et al.[30]

UK

Telecare for chronic disease management in the community

Large-scale comparative study employing qualitative data collection techniques, including semi-structured interviews.

May et al.[31]

UK

Development of a simplified approach and web-enabled toolkit

A description of processes by which the authors developed a simplified approach of NPT for use by clinicians, managers, and policy makers, and which could be embedded in a web-enabled toolkit and online users manual.

Furler et al.[42]

Australia

Diabetes

A qualitative interview study exploring the use of insulin in general practice with a focus on barriers and enablers for timely initiation.

Bouamrane et al.[32]

UK

Remote and telehealth services

The authors outline a theoretical model of processes of intervention within the health services, and describe issues with the continued sustainability of existing models of care – and the potential opportunities for new technologies in addressing these challenges.

Spangaro et al.[43]

Australia

Screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) in Australian antenatal, mental health, and substance abuse services

Explores providers’ perceptions about the relevance of IPV to their role, the extent to which screening is routine, the existing challenges, the impact on clinical work or patient care, and the suggested changes to the policy.

Kennedy et al.[44]

UK

Delivering the WISE (Whole Systems Informing Self-Management Engagement) training package in primary care

Learning from formative evaluation, the purpose being to ensure that the WISE training package was robust and likely to be effective enough to be tested in an RCT.

Gunn et al.[45]

Australia

Embedding effective depression care: using theory for primary care organizational and systems change

Authors used a method informed by the principles of participatory action research (PAR) and utilized a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods to gather data about routine depression care in a range of primary care settings via: audit of electronic health records; observation of routine clinical care; and structured, facilitated whole-of-organization meetings.

Gask et al.[46]

UK

Collaborative care for depression?

Qualitative data collected in both focus groups and one-to-one interviews before and after an exploratory RCT of a collaborative model of care for depression.

Murray et al.[33]

UK

E-health

Reports on the development and formative evaluation of an e-Health Implementation Toolkit (e-HIT), which aims to summarize and synthesize new and existing research on implementation of e-health initiatives.

Wilkes and Rubin [47]

UK

Infertility management and primary care

A process evaluation of open access hysterosalpingography (HSG) utilizing the results of two qualitative studies (a focus group study and an in-depth interview study) and two quantitative studies (a pilot survey and a pragmatic cluster RCT).

Gask et al.[48]

UK

Mental health in primary care

A longitudinal qualitative multiple case study approach in a purposive sample of 12 organizations, chosen to reflect a maximum variety of organizational contexts for mental health care provision.

Elwyn et al.[49]

UK

Decision support technologies (DST)

A conceptual analysis of the outcomes of previous primary research and reviews to highlight implementation problems for DSTs in routine settings. Using a virtual working environment to examine: the ‘workability’ of DSTs in professional-patient interactions; how DSTs affect knowledge relations between their users; how DSTs impact on users' skills and performance; and the impact of DSTs on the allocation of organizational resources.

Mair et al.[50]

UK

Utilization of telecare in chronic lung disease

A process evaluation of a RCT of home telecare for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Morriss [51]

UK

Clinical guidelines for bipolar disorder

To critically review the evidence concerning the implementation of clinical guidelines for bipolar disorder.

May et al.[52]

UK

Process evaluation for complex interventions in primary care

A retrospective analysis of the implementation of two different complex trials: (i) the delivery of problem-solving therapies for psychosocial distress, and (ii) the delivery of nurse-led clinics for heart failure treatment in primary care.