Feedback GAP: pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial of goal setting and action plans to increase the effectiveness of audit and feedback interventions in primary care

Table 5 Outcomes for patients receiving feedback plus the goal-setting and action-planning worksheet versus feedback alone

	Feedback + worksheet	Feedback alone	Model-based differences in quality of care outcomes
	N = 1,832	N = 2,223
Continuous outcomes			MD	95% CI	*Missing*	Adjusted MD	95% CI	*Missing*
Systolic BP	128 ±18	128 ±16	0.35	-2.24, 2.95	554	-0.05	-2.11, 2.02	743
Diastolic BP	72 ±11	73 ±11	-1.48	-3.34, 0.38	554	-0.72	-2.18, 0.75	743
LDL	2.1 ±0.8	2.0 ±0.8	0.04	-0.06, 0.14	643	0.04	-0.02, 0.10	927
HbA1c%^	7.2 ±1.3	7.4 ±1.5	-0.24	-0.38, -0.09	572	-0.20	-0.33, -0.06	794
Composite score	72 ±26	70 ±28	4.85	-0.52, 10.21	0	1.76	-1.37, 4.89	0
Dichotomous outcomes			RR	95% CI		Adjusted RR	95% CI
LDL at target	866 (47%)	1,119 (50%)	0.97	0.85, 1.13		0.97	0.90, 1.06
BP at target	965 (53%)	1,023 (46%)	1.21	1.05, 1.40		1.15	1.02, 1.29
BP test in 6 M	1,491 (81%)	1,541 (69%)	1.25	1.11, 1.42		1.16	1.06, 1.26
A1C test in 6 M^	947 (71%)	1,067 (65%)	1.12	0.98, 1.28		1.07	0.95, 1.21
FBG test in 24 M	1,596 (87%)	1,918 (86%)	1.03	0.97, 1.10		1.03	0.98, 1.08
LDL test in 12 M	1,217 (66%)	1,480 (67%)	1.03	0.93, 1.16		1.02	0.93, 1.12
ACR test in 12 M^	851 (64%)	1,060 (65%)	1.02	0.87, 1.20		1.05	0.93, 1.20
Rx ASA*	552 (75%)	615 (73%)	1.03	0.95, 1.11		0.99	0.96, 1.03
Rx statin	1,309 (72%)	1,686 (76%)	0.96	0.89, 1.03		0.97	0.94, 1.00
Rx ACE/ARB^	647 (83%)	679 (84%)	1.05	0.97, 1.14		0.98	0.95, 1.00
Rx beta blocker*	440 (59%)	514 (61%)	1.00	0.90, 1.10		0.99	0.95, 1.03
Rx insulin^	351 (26%)	426 (26%)	0.99	0.85, 1.16		1.01	0.99, 1.04

All models adjusted for clustering. Adjusted models also controlled for baseline values of dependent variable.
Legend: ^Analysis restricted to patients with diabetes, *Analysis restricted to patients with IHD, ~ Target BP 130/80 for diabetes and 140/90 for IHD and Target LDL<2.
MD mean difference, RR relative risk, IHD ischemic heart disease, BP blood pressure, A1C haemoglobin A1c, FBG fasting blood glucose, LDL low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ACR albumin-to-creatinine ratio, ASA aspirin, ACE/ARB angiotensin-modifying agent, Rx active prescription, CI confidence interval, M months.