Table 2 Barriers to evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation

Personal

   Time, due to a heavy clinical load

2,714 (53.9)

253 (41.2)

1,859 (55.4)

233 (58.1)

90 (60.4)

207 (54.2)

72 (52.2)

<0.001

   Basic knowledge

2,461 (48.8)

175 (28.5)

1,798 (53.6)

186 (46.4)

65 (43.6)

183 (47.9)

54 (39.1)

<0.001

   Skills in critical appraisal

2,437 (48.4)

227 (37.0)

1,692 (50.4)

235 (58.6)

58 (38.9)

162 (42.4)

63 (45.7)

<0.001

   Skills in literature searching

2,150 (42.7)

178 (29.0)

1,519 (45.3)

193 (48.1)

54 (36.2)

150 (39.3)

56 (40.6)

<0.001

   Clinical incorporation

1,543 (30.6)

132 (21.5)

1,111 (33.1)

124 (30.9)

32 (21.5)

106 (27.7)

38 (27.5)

<0.001

Environmental

   Convenient application kits

2,905 (57.7)

312 (50.8)

1,916 (57.1)

256 (63.8)

97 (65.1)

244 (63.9)

80 (58.0)

<0.001

   Library resources in Chinese

2,646 (52.5)

328 (53.4)

1,690 (50.4)

243 (60.6)

91 (61.1)

209 (54.7)

85 (61.6)

<0.001

   Capable designated personnel

2,330 (46.2)

202 (32.9)

1,619 (48.3)

191 (47.6)

69 (46.3)

189 (49.5)

60 (43.5)

<0.001

   Space for access to EBP resources

2,243 (44.5)

234 (38.1)

1,476 (44.0)

199 (49.6)

93 (62.4)

190 (49.7)

51 (37.0)

<0.001

   Library resources

1,956 (38.8)

177 (28.8)

1,373 (40.9)

140 (34.9)

53 (35.6)

157 (41.1)

56 (40.6)

<0.001

   An EBP-supportive organizational climate

1,122 (22.3)

107 (17.4)

808 (24.1)

81 (20.2)

28 (18.8)

71 (18.6)

27 (19.6)

0.001

   Support from superiors

779 (15.5)

76 (12.4)

584 (17.4)

44 (11.0)

18 (12.1)

40 (10.5)

17 (12.3)

<0.001