Applying psychological theories to evidence-based clinical practice: identifying factors predictive of lumbar spine x-ray for low back pain in UK primary care practice

Table 2 Descriptive statistics

Theory	Predictive Constructs	N	Alpha	Mean	(SD)	Respondents agreeing with item (%)
Theory of	Attitude direct	2	0.25	4.6	(1.2)
Planned	Attitude indirect	4	0.75	18.6	(6.9)
Behaviour	Subjective Norm	4	0.68	15.0	(4.8)
	Intention	3	0.69	2.1	(1.0)
	PBC direct	4	0.63	4.5	(1.1)
	PBC power	14	0.91	3.1	(1.0)
Social Cognitive Theory	Risk perception	2	0.46	2.2	(1.0)
	Outcome expectancies	6	0.76	13.9	(8.3)
	Self efficacy	14	0.93	3.2	(0.8)
	Generalised self efficacy	10	0.87	2.8	(0.4)
Implementation Intention	Action Planning	-	-	2.4	(1.6)
Operant Learning Theory	Anticipated consequences	2	0.46	2.2	(1.0)
	Evidence of habitual behaviour	2	0.60	3.3	(1.7)
Common Sense	Identity of condition	3	0.49	4.2	(0.8)
Self-regulation	Timeline acute	2	0.19	3.4	(0.8)
Model	Timeline cyclical	3	0.54	4.4	(0.9)
	Control - by treatment	3	0.66	5.6	(0.8)
	Control - by patient	2	0.85	5.7	(1.0)
	Control - by doctor	2	0.36	5.3	(0.9)
	Cause - stress	1				126 (42)
	Cause - family problems	1				117 (39)
	Cause - poor prior medical care	1				66 (22)
	Cause - patient's own behaviour	1				225 (85)
	Cause - ageing	1				217 (73)
	Cause - bad luck	1				140 (47)
	Cause - overwork	1				148 (49)
	Consequence	2	0.21	4.8	(0.8)
	Emotional Response	4	0.69	5.1	(1.0)
	Coherence	2	0.74	2.7	(1.0)
Precaution Adoption Process						157 (53)†
Other	Knowledge	5	0.21	3.1	(1.0)

*p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01; ***p≤0.001.
Alpha = Cronbach's
^†Number of respondents who replied 'I have decided that I will request less lumbar X-rays' or 'I have already done something about decreasing the number of lumbar X-rays I request.'

ISSN: 1748-5908